2021

UCLA finds nearly half of California adolescents report mental health difficulties


The UCLA Center for Health Policy Research finds rates are higher among poor, multiracial, female, gender-nonconforming and foreign-born young people.

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Mirroring a national trend, 45% of California youth between the ages of 12 and 17 report having recently struggled with mental health issues, with nearly a third of them experiencing serious psychological distress that could interfere with their academic and social functioning, according to a UCLA policy brief released today.

The study by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, led by Dr. Ninez Ponce, also highlights the elevated incidence of mental health distress among certain segments of the adolescent population — including poor, multiracial, gender-nonconforming and foreign-born young people — and recommends policies to address these inequities and boost access to mental health services.

“With almost half of California’s adolescents experiencing moderate to serious psychological distress, there is an urgent need to protect their psychological and emotional well-being by addressing the structural and social factors related to inequities in mental health,” said Dr. D. Imelda Padilla-Frausto, the study’s co-lead author and a research scientist at the center.

Using data from the center’s 2019 California Health Interview Survey, the study authors looked at social determinants of health — non-medical factors such as family income, insurance, race and ethnicity, and citizenship status — to determine which adolescents were most affected by mental health distress. They also examined the impact of adolescents’ physical health and behavior in areas such as eating habits, physical activity, social media use and substance use, including drinking and smoking.

The study’s key findings include:

  • Poverty
    58% of adolescents whose family incomes were below the federal poverty level reported moderate to serious psychological distress in the past year — the highest across all income groups.
  • Gender and gender identity
    Female adolescents were one-and-a-half times more likely than males to report experiencing serious psychological distress (36.6% vs. 22.4%). Gender-nonconforming teens were also more likely to report serious distress than gender-conforming teens (36.4% vs. 27.7%)
  • Race and ethnicity
    Among adolescents who identified as multiracial, 42.9% said they had experienced serious psychological distress — the highest among all racial and ethnic groups.
  • Immigration status
    Adolescents born outside the U.S. were more likely to report serious psychological distress than U.S.–born adolescents (37.7% vs. 28.8%).
  • Age
    Adolescents between the ages 15 and 17 were one-and-a-half times more likely to report serious psychological distress than 12- to 14-year-olds.

The authors also found that adolescents who used social media almost constantly, ate less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, had tried marijuana or had engaged in binge drinking were more likely to report experiencing serious psychological distress.

If not treated early and properly, the researchers stress, mental health problems can seriously impair a youth’s progress socially and academically and have long-lasting negative consequences in adulthood. It is imperative, they say, to increase access to mental health treatments for all adolescents and to improve preventive measures for those groups at particularly high risk.

The study authors urge federal, state and local policymakers, and those who work with adolescents and their families, to champion policies and programs that will help reduce socioeconomic inequalities, increase access to mental health services in schools, help parents better understand mental health issues, promote health care models that incorporate both primary care and mental health needs, and provide increased mental health training for those in law enforcement.

“Addressing these needs using a multifaceted approach enables service providers and other people in the adolescents’ networks to help prevent issues of psychological distress, not only through treatment but by placing aid in the settings that adolescents are already present in, which can increase access help,” said Blanche Wright, lead author of the study and doctoral student in the UCLA Clinical Psychology program. 

The researchers also emphasize the need to continue telehealth or virtual-based health services and the importance of mental health research, especially in the midst of the current pandemic, which is taking a toll on adolescents’ physical and emotional well-being.

“If we take a look at the bigger picture of what’s happening in the state and country as far as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical to prioritize and conduct research on mental health,” Padilla-Frausto said. “In particular, the structural determinants that lead to socioeconomic inequities related to poor mental health need to be addressed in order to guide efforts that will provide much-needed assistance to at-risk populations, and this will ensure that dedicated support can work synergistically with an often underfunded and overstretched mental health system.”

By Elaiza Torralba


The UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, founded in 1961, is dedicated to enhancing the public's health by conducting innovative research, training future leaders and health professionals from diverse backgrounds, translating research into policy and practice, and serving our local communities and the communities of the nation and the world. The school has 631 students from 26 nations engaged in carrying out the vision of building healthy futures in greater Los Angeles, California, the nation and the world.

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Policy Brief

Faculty Referenced by this Article

Dr. Ninez Ponce
Ninez Ponce
Health Policy and Management
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Robert Kaplan
Robert Kaplan
Health Policy and Management
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Jody Heymann
Jody Heymann
Epidemiology Health Policy and Management
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Dr. Kenneth Wells
Kenneth Wells
Health Policy and Management
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Dr. Risha Gidwani
Risha Gidwani
Health Policy and Management
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Michelle Keller
Michelle S. Keller

Dr. Michelle S. Keller is a health services researcher whose research focuses on the use and prescribing of high-risk medications.

Health Policy and Management
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Dr. Yvonne Flores
Yvonne Flores
Health Policy and Management
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Leah Vriesman
Leah Vriesman
Health Policy and Management
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James Macinko
James Macinko

Professor of Community Health Sciences & Health Policy and Management, and Associate Dean for Research

Community Health Sciences Health Policy and Management
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Moira Inkelas
Moira Inkelas
Health Policy and Management
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Diana Hilberman
Diana Hilberman
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Frederick Zimmerman
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Steven Teutsch
Health Policy and Management
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Paul Fu, Jr.
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Yusuke Tsugawa
Yusuke Tsugawa
Health Policy and Management
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Ron Andersen

Dr. Ron Andersen is the Wasserman Professor Emeritus in the UCLA Departments of Health Policy and Management.

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Pamela Davidson
Health Policy and Management
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Gerald Kominski
Health Policy and Management
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Roshan Bastani
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Vilsa Eliana Curto
Vilsa Eliana Curto
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Warren Scott Comulada
Warren Scott Comulada
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Vickie Mays
Vickie Mays
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Dr. Felicia Hodge
Felicia Hodge
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Dylan Roby
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Olivia Jung
Olivia Jung
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Michael Ong
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Jean Balgrosky
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Paul Chung
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Ron D. Hays
Ron D. Hays

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Jeanne Miranda
Jeanne Miranda
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Elizabeth (Becky) Yano
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Freund, Deborah
Deborah Anne Freund
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David Hayes-Bautista
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Naomi Zewde
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Annette Maxwell
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Anthony Hunter Schiff
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William Comanor
Health Policy and Management
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Thomas D. Gordon
Health Policy and Management
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Jack Needleman
Jack Needleman
Health Policy and Management
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Avram Kaplan
Avram Kaplan
Health Policy and Management
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Corrina Moucheraud
Corrina Moucheraud
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Ty Robbins
Health Policy and Management
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Sandra Aronberg
Health Policy and Management
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Laura Erskine
Laura Erskine
Health Policy and Management
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Burt Cowgill
Burt Cowgill
Health Policy and Management
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Patricia Ganz
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Daniel Eisenberg
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Robert Brook
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Jonathan Fielding
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Isomi Miake-Lye
Health Policy and Management
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Jennifer Wortham
Health Policy and Management
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Michael Galper
Health Policy and Management
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Z. John Lu
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Nadereh Pourat
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Thomas Rice
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Clifford Ko
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Beth Glenn
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William J. McCarthy
Health Policy and Management
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Sangeeta Ahluwalia
Sangeeta Ahluwalia
Health Policy and Management
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Stephanie L. Taylor

Nationally recognized health services researcher and sociomedical scientist with 25+ years' experience in effectiveness and implementation research.

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Aria Fallah
Health Policy and Management
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Xi Zhu
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Neal Halfon
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Carol Mangione
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Lillian Gelberg
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Srikanth Kadiyala
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Joann G. Elmore
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Samuel Sessions
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Alice Kuo
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Emily Abel
Health Policy and Management
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Linda Rosenstock
Environmental Health Sciences Health Policy and Management
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Kristen Choi
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Julie A. Elginer

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